Figure 3: Equivalent MC representations of some classical stimuli. (A, top): a narrow-orientation-bandwidth Motion Cloud produced only with vertically oriented kernels and a horizontal mean motion to the right. (Bottom): The spectral envelopes concentrated on a pair of patches centered on a constant speed surface. Note that this speed plane" is thin (as seen by the projection onto the ($f_x$,$f_t$) face), yet it has a finite thickness, resulting in small, local, jittering motion components. (B) a Motion Cloud illustrating the aperture problem. (Top): The stimulus, having oblique preferred orientation ($\theta=\frac{\pi}{4}$ and narrow bandwidth $B_{\theta}=\pi/36$) is moving horizontally and rightwards. However, the perceived speed direction in such a case is biased towards the oblique downwards, i.e., orthogonal to the orientation, consistently with the fact that the best speed plane is ambiguous to detect. (C): a low-coherence random-dot kinematogram-like Motion Cloud: its orientation and speed bandwidths, $B_{\theta}$ and $B_{V}$ respectively, are large, yielding a low-coherence stimulus in which no edges can be identified.
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